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Swiss Re secured $50 million of cyber industry-loss warranty (ILW) cover recently in a transaction that the broker involved, Gallagher Re, is hailing as the first cyber retrocession ILW ever traded.

The transaction was supported by a number of specialist reinsurers, according to Gallagher Re.

We cannot be certain, but there is a chance that this $50 million cyber industry-loss warranty (ILW) trade is actually the same trade as the 144A securitized Matterhorn Re Ltd. (Series 2023-1) issuance that we covered last year.

It’s possible Swiss Re simply transformed the ILW arrangement into a 144A format, to make it more broadly acceptable to catastrophe bond investors and funds.

It is also possible that the $50 million cyber ILW is in addition to the $50 million of cyber industry loss protection from the Matterhorn Re cat bond, which is perhaps more notable as it shows Swiss Re securing even more industry-loss based cyber retro.

Either way, the coverage provided by the $50 million cyber industry-loss warranty (ILW) protects Swiss Re against catastrophic US cyber events, including coverage for widespread malicious ransomware or malware, prolonged catastrophic cloud outage and systemic data breach, the companies involved explained.

Commenting on the coverage provided, Nick Meuli, Head of P&C Capacity Management at Swiss Re, said, “Accessing alternative external sources of cyber capacity to support our inwards cyber business has been a key priority for us.

“We are very pleased to have secured significant ILW protection which provides yet another novel and complementary cover for our cyber portfolio.”

Ian Newman, Global Head of Cyber at Gallagher Re, further explained, “Alongside traditional retro and cat bond solutions, we believe ILWs and parametric solutions will form a critical part of the cyber value chain in the coming years.

“We are proud to have delivered another market first on behalf of Swiss Re, a true market leader in this space.”

Gallagher Re said that, “Swiss Re’s purchase of cyber market’s first Retro ILW comes after years of work in the field and reflects a market which is growing in confidence.”

The broker is expecting further growth of the cyber insurance-linked securities (ILS) market, with more cyber cat bonds expected to be issued.

Theo Norris, Head of Cyber ILS at Gallagher Re, added, “Successfully executing this innovative solution for Swiss Re is another step forward in broadening the potential access for capital to enter the Cyber insurance space and to provide effective, alternative solutions for insurers and reinsurers alike.”

As said, this could be the same arrangement as the Matterhorn Re 144A cyber industry-loss securitization that we had covered back in December, which was the first industry-loss triggered cyber cat bond to hit the market.

That deal took the number of completed cyber cat bonds to four, with four deals priced and a range of structural feature that can be incorporated into cyber cat bonds, including the industry-loss trigger, now tested and approved by the investor base.

As we reported at the time, the industry-loss trigger uses data from CyberAcuView, with PERILS acting as the reporting agency. The industry-loss trigger attaches at a $9 billion US cyber insurance industry loss, as reported by the agencies above.

You can read all about the industry-loss trigger cyber catastrophe bond from Swiss Re, the Matterhorn Re Ltd. (Series 2023-1) transaction, and every other cat bond ever issued in the Artemis Deal Directory.

Swiss Re: $50m cyber ILW is “novel and complementary” retro cover was published by: www.Artemis.bm
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The City National Rochdale Select Strategies Fund, a US mutual insurance-linked securities (ILS) fund focused on investments into industry-loss warranties (ILW’s) and industry-index trigger catastrophe bonds, has continued to grow, to reach almost $218 million as of October 31st 2023.

Investment adviser City National Rochdale (CNR) offers an industry-loss warranty (ILW) and industry-index trigger focused mutual insurance-linked securities (ILS) fund strategy in the United States.

The capital from the City National Rochdale Select Strategies Fund is allocated to opportunities that are portfolio managed by the ILS investment team at Neuberger Berman and housed in its segregated account vehicle.

With ILW rates-on-line remaining elevated, despite some deceleration in recent quarters as Artemis’ index of ILW pricing shows, the opportunity remains very attractive and the CNR fund has attracted new inflows in the last year as a result.

The fund has experienced a 13% increase in invested assets over the year to October 31st 2023, reaching that date with over $213 million of ILW and cat bond assets invested in.

The total net assets of the ILW fund is a little higher, at the $218 million level.

But, the cost of the invested assets is just $155.6 million, suggesting a significant appreciation and return generated for investors in the fund.

Over a one-year period, the net asset value return of the fund reached just over 14.2%, according to some mutual fund reporting websites.

For this fund, the end of year renewals will likely be the key trading point of the last year, given ILW market activity was somewhat more subdued around the mid-year renewals of 2023.

So it will be interesting to see whether this ILW focused mutual fund can extend its assets growth further and faster when the next quarterly report is made.

View our chart of industry-loss warranty (ILW) price trends here.

City National Rochdale mutual ILW fund grows further to $218m was published by: www.Artemis.bm
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Craig Hupper, an executive from global reinsurance company TransRe who is well-known and liked in the insurance-linked securities (ILS) community, is set to retire from the firm at the end of this year, Artemis has learned.

Craig Hupper is a Senior Vice President at TransRe and currently holds the title of Managing Director, Head of Sustainability and Resilience.

But, through much of his career at the reinsurance company he has developed and led TransRe’s third-party capital and ILS offerings.

Hupper already had insurance and reinsurance market experience, gained on the broking side of the market, when he joined TransRe back in 1998.

At first Hupper was a VP of non-traditional underwriting and the Head of Retrocession for the reinsurer, after which he became an SVP and the Director of Risk Management, before moving over to dedicate his time to further developing third-party capital initiatives at TransRe in 2013.

Hupper has been instrumental in the build-out of the third-party capital and insurance-linked securities (ILS) offering at TransRe, as well as in the development of investor relationships.

His work at the company included, leading on the launch of TransRe’s long-established collateralized reinsurance sidecar vehicle, Pangaea, as well as other initiatives that connected institutional investor capital with reinsurance risk (private ILS arrangements) and also the launch of TransRe’s Bowline Re catastrophe bond program.

Hupper then shifted roles at TransRe in 2021, taking on a new position leading Environmental, Social & Governance (ESG) at the reinsurance firm.

Mike Torre, who had joined TransRe from broker Aon around five years ago, took over the lead at TransRe Capital Partners, managing the reinsurers third-party capital initiatives and relationships that year, as Hupper’s full-time focus moved to the new role.

Torre continues in that Capital Partners lead role today, supporting TransRe’s existing and future partnerships with alternative capital providers.

With Hupper now set to retire from TransRe at the end of this year, the company had already promoted existing employee Brett Denyer to become Head of Sustainability and Resilience earlier this year.

Denyer had already been a key member of TransRe’s Task Force on ESG for a number of years, and has also helped the reinsurer in further integrating ESG considerations into underwriting processes and decision-making.

While Hupper is now departing TransRe after his roughly 26 years of service, he intends to remain connected to the insurance-linked securities (ILS) market and be involved in selected reinsurance, ILS and sustainability focused ventures, following some time off early in 2024.

Hupper spoke at our New York conference back in 2022, participating in a panel session focused on ESG in ILS, which you can still watch here.

TransRe’s Craig Hupper to retire from company at year-end was published by: www.Artemis.bm
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Sources of retrocessional reinsurance capital appear in greater supply at this January renewal season than a year ago, which has applied some pressure to rates-on-line at higher, more remote layers, while also shifting more of the balance of power back towards buyers in some cases, we understand.

We’re told a number of retro programs have been placed with rates down approximately ~10% to ~15% for the January 2024 renewals.

With ultimate net loss (UNL) traditional and collateralized retrocession seen as particularly competitive, given its broader coverage, this has also had a knock-on effect on the industry loss warranty (ILW) market, sources have told Artemis.

Increased appetites have been seen for the higher-layers of certain retrocession towers, resulting in a softening of pricing for these more risk-remote tranches of the retro market and the same can be said for the ILW marketplace.

This mirrors what has been seen in the catastrophe bond market, where risk-adjusted pricing has declined somewhat in the fourth-quarter of the year.

At the same time as appetites increasing, capital is more readily available this year and some traditional markets continue to display elevated desire to write catastrophe retro, which has lifted competition somewhat further.

Sources said that this has put more power back in the hands of retro buyers for 2024.

Capacity providers have held all the cards in retro over the last year or so. But, as appetites recover and some traditional markets look to secure greater shares, while the pricing still remains harder than before, this is applying pressure to retrocession rates and driving more power back to the protection buyer side.

It’s important to note, that conditions are not uniform and there remains a great deal of differentiation, we’re told.

But we understand some long-standing and trusted buyers of retro are seeing improved pricing and in some cases also certain terms, at the January 2024 renewals, while others are in the main experiencing a relatively flat and stable retro renewal, but with more capacity seemingly available in certain pockets.

We’re told that some retro programs have been placed with rates-on-line down ~10% to ~15%.

At the same time, where a year ago these programs may have seen numerous slips with individualised terms for different markets, the number of slips has been reduced dramatically and markets are less able to negotiate their own agreements this year.

Leading to a more balanced and even marketplace for retrocession, where it is the higher-layers that are seeing most price pressure, but the lower, higher-risk layers of retro continue to remain firm and largely with relatively flat pricing.

Some retro programs have been over-placed, given the higher appetites and greater availability of capacity, meaning some markets are getting signed down and taking less than they had hoped for.

So far, we’ve heard attachments are largely flat in retrocession, albeit with some adjustments seen, that have improved terms a little for buyers that felt particularly penalised in the last round of renewals.

Secondary perils remain out of favour though and tighter peril definitions and naming remains the norm.

In the market for industry loss warranties (ILW’s) conditions have been similar, with quotes for low rate-on-line ILW’s, so the more risk-remote, seen as down around the ~10% area, we’re told.

However, much of the ILW buying at year-end tends to begin as the retro renewals near or reach completion.

We’re told there remains retro capacity available which could affect the dynamics in the ILW market this new year, given UNL retro can often be seen as a better buy in coverage terms, if the pricing is conducive.

Higher rate-on-line (ROL) ILW’s in the market (so riskier) are producing quotes that are relatively flat, we understand, which is said to be turning heads back towards traditional and collateralized UNL retro protection as well and not driving the orders some might have anticipated.

While there remains a high level of appetite for deploying capital to ILW’s and some index markets are said to have funds available to deploy, there could be a bit of a delay in ILW’s starting to trade this year it seems, while the traditional retro renewals run their course.

As we have been reporting, the main reinsurance renewals appear largely stable, mostly flattish, with higher-layers experiencing the most price pressure and reinsurers largely holding the line on terms and conditions.

Retrocession appears quite similar, although perhaps with larger price declines being seen where competition and pressure from capital is greatest.

With some softening being seen, there is likely an element of certain markets aiming to make hay at this point in the cycle.

This had been forecast, with the areas that will see the greatest pressure on rates at the January 2024’s renewals always anticipated to have been in the higher-layers and the retrocession market.

Read all of our reinsurance renewals coverage here.

Higher-layer retro & ILW’s seeing price pressure, competition was published by: www.Artemis.bm
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While the insurance-linked securities (ILS) sector has strengthened its governance practices considerably in recent years, when it comes to environmental, social and governance (ESG) considerations, ILS manager selection really matters, as there is variation in how ESG has been adopted and practices are followed, according to Frontier Advisors.

Frontier Advisors is an Australian independent investment consultant with experience advising regional institutional investors that allocate to the insurance-linked securities (ILS) asset class.

In a recent paper, Isabella Milazzo, a Consultant in the Alternatives Research Team at Frontier Advisors, explained that for end-investors, ESG remains an important consideration when allocating to the insurance-linked securities (ILS) asset class.

She explained that ESG is increasingly being incorporated into the ILS market, saying that consideration of ESG issues is deemed to be “critical for the development of the ILS market and for insurance and reinsurance markets more broadly.”

As a result, “ILS managers are increasingly focused on improving ESG practices throughout the entire investment process,” Milazzo said.

But she also noted that, “Manager selection matters when considering ESG factors,” saying that, “Frontier has observed many instances in recent periods where ILS managers will deem contracts uninvestable on the basis that counterparties do not meet ESG criteria.

“However, there is variation with how stringent managers are with this process.”

Milazzo went on to explain that, for the ILS manager community, “environmental and climate change risk is of high importance.”

As a result, a significant amount of time and resource is put into understanding climate risk, the influence it has on specific perils and the effect it can have on ILS investments, Milazzo said.

She also highlighted that, as ILS investments are used to support resilience against natural disasters, this aligns with environmental sustainability goals.

On the social side, Milazzo noted that ILS investments also “inherently provide positive social impact in that they support the efficient functioning of the insurance market.”

ILS is one of the contributing sources of funding when natural disasters occur, helping in the rebuilding and recovery of affected communities.

Finally, Milazzo also highlighted that ILS managers own governance practices “have become increasingly robust over recent years.”

In fact, “It is typical for managers to conduct deep assessments of governance factors associated with all parties involved in ILS investments,” Milazzo explained.

Because of this, the ILS asset class is continuing improving and increasing the incorporation of ESG issues into its processes and ILS manager decision-making.

But, with ESG practices and their adoption not a level playing-field in the industry, it is important that investors do their own diligence on ILS managers, if ESG is one of their core investment tenets.

Recall that, the ILS ESG Transparency Initiative is a global insurance-linked securities (ILS) industry group of investment managers focused on enhancing environmental, social and governance (ESG) transparency in the ILS market.

When it comes to ESG, ILS manager selection matters: Frontier Advisors was published by: www.Artemis.bm
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PCS, a unit of Verisk, has announced an expansion of its insurance industry loss index for terrorism risks, with SRCC (Strikes, Riots, Civil Commotions, and Civil Unrest) now being added to the PCS Global Terror Index.

The company said that this enhancement will help the insurance and reinsurance industry in its understanding and management of political violence risks.

The addition of SRCC to PCS Global Terror will provide insurance and reinsurance firms with robust data for the assessment and quantification of risks associated with civil unrest, Verisk explained.

The number of SRCC events have been rising and as a result re/insurers need to accurately assess historical and current loss data for these types of perils, Verisk said.

This addition of SRCC loss data to this industry-loss index can provide companies with a systematic way to measure the frequency and severity of these types of events.

At the same time, the industry-loss index for terrorism can also be used for reinsurance and alternative risk-transfer transactions, such as industry-loss warranties (ILWs).

“PCS has identified over $10 billion in industry wide SRCC losses across 20 events dating back to 2010, compared to less than a billion on the terror side,” explained Ted Gregory, head of global PCS operations at Verisk. “This significant disparity highlights the need for a robust index that reflects the growing severity and frequency of SRCC events. By expanding the view of global political violence, PCS has developed an index that will help enable the market to trade SRCC on a standardized platform with an established methodology.”

Alex Mican, head of PCS global strategy and growth at Verisk, added, “The existing global terror (re)insurance market is small, but there’s a widespread view that it will grow significantly over the next decade. However, some structural changes are needed to facilitate its development. One important development will be the further entry of capital markets capacity to provide both reinsurance and retrocessional protection for companies assuming SRCC risk.”

Insured losses caused by unrest have risen to reach new highs in recent years, with SRCC risks rising in more than 50 percent of countries over the last 12 months, according to Verisk Maplecroft.

Verisk says that reinsurers have observed these losses and are now actively evaluating tools to support additional capacity and monitor this risk, with risk transfer becoming an increasing priority to manage exposures.

The SRCC enhancement to the PCS Global Terror Index product can help re/insurers access capacity from new markets, while it can also help exposed corporates such as multinational brands, retailers, and banks in understanding their exposure and whether their insurance coverage is sufficient.

Verisk’s PCS expands Global Terror Index to include SRCC was published by: www.Artemis.bm
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A new reinsurance fund has been launched to support delivery of innovative insurance products to protect smallholder farmers in Africa, with One Acre Fund Re expected to become a source of capacity to back what will likely be largely parametric risk transfer instruments.

The initiative has been launched by One Acre Fund, a social enterprise supporting smallholder farmers across Sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on enhancing food security and resilience to climate risks, with a goal of supporting the development of prosperous communities.

The reinsurance fund, named One Acre Fund Re, has been designed with the support and partnership of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), U.S. International Development Finance Corporation (DFC) and parametric risk transfer specialist and risk pooling entity the African Risk Capacity (ARC).

One Acre Fund Re will provide a critical financial safety net for 1 million smallholder farmers in 2024 and that figure is expected to scale steadily in future years.

The idea is to improve the insurance offering for farmers in the face of devastating impacts on crop yields.

The goal is to cover at least 4 million farmers by 2030, with a range of insurance products, backed by reinsurance from One Acre Fund Re.

One Acre Fund Re will use One Acre Fund’s on the ground presence and rigorous data gathering, to allow for the design and implementation of new insurance products with direct payouts, in a way that more effectively responds to farmer experiences.

Right now, agricultural insurance is only available in 4 out of 54 countries across Africa, and currently, only 3% of farmers have insurance coverage for their farms.

So there is an enormous opportunity to bring together capital sources and create a new risk pool specifically focused on delivering smallholder farmer specific parametric insurance and crop covers.

It’s not immediately clear how this will be structured. But we assume that African Risk Capacity (ARC) will lend its expertise in risk pooling and the design of parametric insurance, to assist in the creation and roll-out of One Acre Fund Re.

On the reinsurance capital side, it could be interesting to see if One Acre Fund might find the new reinsurance fund a way it could crowd in private capital to support the rolling out of more insurance product in years to come.

There is a significant opportunity to leverage risk pooling and risk diversification techniques, alongside the learnings of the ILS market in utilising the appetite for insurance-linked returns, to generate efficiencies in the delivery of smallholder insurance products.

Even if the reinsurance fund is donor supported, there are still significant efficiencies to be had by better structuring a system for delivery of micro-insurance in both indemnity and parametric forms.

Annie Wakanyi, Director of Global Government Partnerships, at One Acre Fund, commented, “Smallholder farmers make up one of the most climate-vulnerable populations on the planet, facing increased frequency of climate events with devastating consequences on yields and household stability. This insurance offer has the potential to provide smallholder families with a strong safety net when these events occur; yet current market failures mean that most insurance products are too expensive or too limited in coverage to support meaningful resilience. But it doesn’t have to be this way.

“Agricultural insurance can support lasting impact and resilience for small-scale farmers. With economic growth from agriculture 11 times more effective at reducing extreme poverty than any other sector in sub-Saharan Africa, One Acre Fund Re aims to support smallholder families to achieve long-term poverty reduction and resilience.”

The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs is a long-term strategic partner of One Acre Fund, working together since 2016 and it recently extended its support up till 2027.

Marchel Gerrmann, Ambassador for Business and Development Cooperation of the Netherlands, also said, “When climate shocks hit, like the devastating cyclone we saw earlier this year in Malawi, farmers have no safety nets to fall back on. They are forced to pull children from schools they can no longer pay for, take out high-interest loans, sell assets, and endure protracted hunger.

“One Acre Fund Re aims to transform the way financial entities support smallholders and all profits will be used to increase impact and decrease climate risk.”

Johannes Borchert, Global Head of Risk & Resilience at One Acre Fund, added, “We are planning to roll out One Acre Fund Re in 2024 to five out of nine country programs. From year one, it will benefit over 1m farmers across Africa. As this facility grows, we will extend our services to farmers in all our areas of operation and beyond. We believe the data, experience and underwriting capacity we bring should be extended to offer climate safety nets to as many smallholder farmers as possible.”

One Acre Fund Re reinsurance fund launched at COP28 with ARC, IFC, DFC backing was published by: www.Artemis.bm
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New technologies can serve as a bridge between the re/insurance industry and the world’s most vulnerable, and alongside the use of insurance-linked securities (ILS) and innovative solutions such as parametrics, can help to close the global protection gap, according to the Insurance Development Forum (IDF).

Artemis spoke with Michel Liès, Chair of the IDF Steering Committee and Ekhosuehi Iyahen, IDF Secretary General, around the COP28 conference in the UAE this week, about increasing insurance penetration and building resilience against natural disasters.

“I firmly believe that new technologies have the potential to connect us with the people who are completely unaware of what insurance can bring them,” said Liès.

Expanding on this, Liès noted that in most developing countries many people have access to a phone, but few have an insurance policy, while many vulnerable to the impacts of natural disasters aren’t even aware of the benefits of securing protection.

“I understand that there are certain priorities in life. But if somebody has a phone it becomes connectable. This connectivity, in turn, means that we can share critical messages regarding prevention and preparedness measures to mitigate the impact of disruptive events that have the potential to destroy an individual’s life,” said Liès.

“So, I believe that there is, thanks to advancement of technology, a lot of potential to accelerate progress in addressing and solving these protection gaps. This entails not only using technology to improve productivity in the mature markets, but also leveraging it to enhance insurance penetration in the emerging markets,” he added.

As part of that, added Iyahen, the IDF is exploring parametric insurance solutions.

“Obviously, the importance is the speed in terms of availability of resources. We saw it most recently in Morocco with the earthquake, even though that was not a weather or climate driven event. The value was also in the independence/transparency in terms of the triggering of resources. And I think that this is the governance component that perhaps we could pay a little bit more attention to, in terms of how you objectively release resources in very difficult, sometimes politically fraught contexts,” said Iyahen.

“Taking it back to the climate space and the discussions that are happening around loss and damage etc., it’s important we have conversations around how you actually trigger resources to communities who are affected. I do think that that opens up an opportunity that could be quite interesting for the industry,” she added.

As well as innovative solutions such as parametrics, to close the world’s expanding protection gaps it will take more than the capital of the traditional insurance and reinsurance industry.

“Definitely, ILS is an opportunity for countries where individuals or large communities do not have access to classical insurance and in which you can make efforts made by government to address the protection gap more visible. That’s definitely possible,” said Liès.

Catastrophe bonds, a sub-sector of the ILS space, have been issued by the World Bank’s International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) for multiple countries, providing them with protection against natural disasters.

The parametric insurance coverage provided by these transactions shows that ILS can play an important role in building resilience, notably for some of the world’s poorest and most vulnerable to impacts of natural disasters and climate events.

Read all of our interviews with ILS market and reinsurance sector professionals here.

ILS, parametrics and new tech a real opportunity to close protection gaps: IDF was published by: www.Artemis.bm
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In a perhaps surprising turn of events, the opening hours of the COP28 climate talks today have seen a landmark agreement to operationalise and provide initial funding for the much-discussed loss and damage fund, that is designed to help the countries that are most vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.

The fund had been agreed on back at COP27 and much-discussed ever since, with agreements as to who should fund it, how that funding should be used, what kind of financing products should disburse funding and how should funding be triggered, all still seeming to be up in the air, to a degree at least as COP28 began.

Which is why we say ‘perhaps surprising’, as most had expected discussion and negotiation over the loss and damage fund to run on for at least a few days, if not the majority of the COP28 event.

There have always been discussions about whether some of the funding could be used to pay risk transfer premiums, to help the countries most vulnerable to the effects of climate change lock-in long-term insurance-like risk financing.

Agreements as to how the loss and damage fund will be put to work remain missing or unclear so far, but the agreement to operationalise it today and the initial funding announced is a good step towards this actually becoming reality, despite all the disagreement that has gone before.

The UAE, the host of this years COP28 climate talks, said today that it will commit $100 million to the loss and damage Fund, a move it hops will pave the way for other nations to make pledges.

COP28 President Dr. Sultan Al Jaber said, “What was promised in Sharm El Sheikh, has already be delivered in Dubai. The speed at which the world came together, to get this Fund operationalized within one year since Parties agreed to it in Sharm El Sheikh is unprecedented.”

“This Fund will support billions of people, lives and livelihoods that are particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change,” added Dr Sultan, “I want to thank my team for all their hard work to make this possible on day one of COP28. It proves, the world can unite, can act, and can deliver.”

Other significant commitments to the loss and damage fund included Germany, which committed $100 million, the UK, which committed £40 million for the Fund and £20 million for other arrangements, Japan, which contributed $10 million and the U.S., which committed $17.5 million.

The agreement and initial funding for the loss and damage fund was welcomed by the most vulnerable nations, but there is a clear recognition that the details will matter, as well as the follow-on funding, with over $400 billion a year estimated by some studies to be the cost of loss and damage each year.

Other countries are going to be expected to commit, while there will also be efforts to see how private capital can be crowded in to support the loss and damage financing needs of the world’s climate vulnerable nations.

The insurance, reinsurance and insurance-linked securities (ILS) industry do have a role here, albeit likely further down the line, once agreement has been reached on financing tools, structures and how to disburse capital, are made.

Risk transfer and insurance products remain at the heart of discussions and it’s clear that, as private capital gets considered as an elastic source of funding, the catastrophe bond and insurance-linked securities (ILS) could be up for discussion as potential options.

So too should responsive risk transfer options, using parametric and index triggers that could provide rapid payouts for use in disaster relief after climate-related events.

It’s a positive start to COP28, with agreement on an issue that has been discussed now for years.

Although, in reality, the perhaps lengthy discussions can now begin on the details that really matter.

Including, implementation, how funding will be gathered, used, and disbursed, as well as whether any of it can fund premiums to pay for upfront, longer-term risk transfer instruments, to support the most climate-vulnerable nations and their populations.

Also read: Risk-sharing systems must be a pillar of Loss and Damage architecture: Report.

Loss and damage fund agreed at first day of COP28 was published by: www.Artemis.bm
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